Archive for 激光

中国科学家证明光速不变原理不再是假设,大家讨论讨论

“光的本性”人们争论近100多年。关于光量子是微粒还是波动,科学界一直存有争议,爱因斯坦在晚年的时候曾说:“经过50年的思考,也没有使我接近解答光量子是什么的问题。”2004年6月原中国科学院院长周光召在演讲中说:“到现在为止仍有迹象表明,像相对论和量子力学或者是量子场论不是最终的理论,无论是基本粒子还是天体物理不断出现新现象,使现有的理论无法完全加以解释。”

而范良藻、冯劲松先生的最新研究表明,光量子是有结构的,任何一个光量子都是由N个单光子组成,它像一串念珠在宇空中飞越。这个发现使得光量子的“微粒说”和“波动说”笫一次能够相容,其呈现出一般图象是:单光子的间距是光量子的波长,单位时间在空间某处通过的单光子数就是“光波”的频率。这个发现破解了“波粒两象性”的百年谜端。

《光的本性》一文中所有的相关结论都是在引用了近50年大量光谱实验数据的提炼归纳出来一种崭新的学说。此外,《光的本性》一文还利用了光量子的数形结构,证明了爱因斯坦的光速不变原理不再是个假设,而是一个被证实了的客观实在。即由频率和波长的乘积定义的光速与光源和观测者的相对运动速度无关,这里没有“对钟”的困难。都是在伽里略时空变换中得到的结果,应该引起学界的重视、刊论和质疑。

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Newport公司已经发不了他们的首台用于紫外波段光纤激光器

Newport公司已经发不了他们的首台用于紫外波段光纤激光,他们希望该激光器能够取代用于材料微加工的现有光源。
该产品输出压皮秒紫外激光脉冲,其输出功率要比Newport现有具有竞争力的产品高出50%。该产品是由成立于2007年一月份,最初隶属于Spectra-Physics激光器部门的光纤激光器事业部开发的首个产品。
Newport的Spectra-Physics激光部门市场和产品经理Michael Kauf高速optics.org:“该激光器输出亚50皮秒355nm波长的激光脉冲,在80MHz重复频率下提供12W的输出功率。这是公司首款光纤激光器产品,今后的数个月中,我们将扩展这一产品线。”

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国际知名光电公司

  • Acuity Laser Measurement Sensors - Manufacturer of laser measuring sensors and rangefinders for industrial, medical and academic applications. Contains company and product information.
  • Advanced Plasma Technologies - Specializes in repair, rebuilding, and reprocessing of ion lasers, including handling of systems no longer supported by original manufacturers. Provides details of available services and capabilities.
  • Agatec - France. Manufactures broad range of levelling and alignment lasers for building industry. Describes products and explains variety of interior and exterior applications.
  • Alpes Lasers SA - Swiss company focused on development and applications of unipolar laser technology. Includes detailed account of equipment and processes involved in spectroscopic recognition of contaminants in variety of situations.
  • American Laser Spares - Supplier of laser beam delivery, spare parts, repair, upgrade and retrofit for Amada, Bystronic, Cincinnati, Precitec, Trumpf, Mitsubishi, Strippit, Mazak and LaserCut.
  • Amplitude Systemes - France. Manufactures ultrafast diode-pumped solid-state lasers. Applications include micro-machining, multi-photon imaging, photo-acoustic studies, and amplifier seeding. Contains detailed product and technical information.
  • Anderson Lasers Inc. - Distributor of pre-owned industrial, research, and entertainment laser systems and components, as well as selection of optical and electronic measurement and test equipment.
  • ARGES GmbH - Germany. Manufactures scan head systems for laser marking, engraving, trimming, and micro processing requirements. Also produces optics and software. Provides detailed product information and related downloadable .pdf files.
  • Beijing Rumzing - Manufactures 60-200mw green blue and red DPSS lasers with 2% stability, temperature stabilized, TE cooled, TEM00, TTL modulation 40KHz.
  • Belgian Electronic Sorting Technology n.v. - Supplies laser, camera, LED, and X-ray sorters to perform color structural shape and density sorting, to detect foreign materials and color defects, and inspections.
  • Benchmark Maintenance Services Inc. - Canada. Specializes in laser based systems for vibration measurement and ultrasonic inspection. Applications include shaft, belt, and chain alignment, as well as measurement of squareness, flatness, straightness and parallelism.
  • Beta LaserMike USA - Manufacturer of laser gauging devices, diameter measurement systems, process control instrumentation, and ultrasonic testing equipment. Applications include fiber optic, wire and cable, extrusion, and tube manufacturing industries.
  • BLS - Manufactures lasers for diamond branding, marking over PCD die cutting to solar pannel fabrication and thin layer on glass ablation.
  • Boston Laser Inc. - Semiconductor laser manufacturing with optical engineering. Site includes product specifications.
  • Calpac Lasers - Manufacturer of laser pointers, laser diode modules and laser levels for universities, businesses, government agencies and individuals. Includes product and application information.
  • Candela Corporation - Designs, develops, manufactures and markets lasers and related accessories for use in medical, scientific and defense applications; licenses medical products for urology and oncology; and provides services in support of cosmetic laser surgery through integration of spa, health and fitness services, and laser/cosmetic centers. (Nasdaq: CLZR).
  • Checkpoint Technologies LLC - Manufactures laser scanning systems for failure diagnosis in substrates and measurement of electrical and thermal properties in silicon integrated circuit devices. Site includes detailed product and application information.
  • Clark-MXR Inc. - Specializes in manufacture of ultra fast lasers for micromachining and spectroscopy. Also offers related job shop services. Site incorporates detailed product, processing, and application information.
  • Coherent Communications Systems Corp. - World’s leading manufacturer of lasers and photonics for commercial and scientific research applications.
  • Coherent, Inc. - Designs, manufactures, and supplies electro-optical systems and medical instruments utilizing laser, precision optic and microelectronic technologies. (Nasdaq: COHR).
  • Coherent Technologies Inc. - Specializes in manufacture and application of laser based wind and air turbulence detection and measurement systems. Applications include weather stations, airports, and military installations.
  • CrystaLaser - Manufactures compact diode-pumped solid-state DPSS YAG crystal laser, including green blue red infrared and UV ultraviolet Laser in CW and Q-switched pulsed output.
  • DDC Technologies Inc. - Manufactures laser optics for medical, scientific, and industrial applications and provides software programs for solid state laser performance modeling. Site provides product details and access to downloadable demo screens.
  • DelMarTip.com - E-commerce site offering replacement parts for several brands of laser equipment. Searchable database includes brief descriptions, prices, and online ordering facility.
  • Duma Optronics Ltd. - Israel. Manufactures variety of systems for computerized measurement and analysis of optical fiber and laser beams. Includes positioning and alignment capabilities. Site provides detailed product and application information.
  • Ekips Technologies Inc. - Develops and sells tunable mid-infrared lasers and laser systems for molecular spectroscopy applications. Site includes wide selection of downloadable spectroscopy examples and molecular absorption spectra.
  • E-Laser Enterprise Co.,Ltd. - Manufacture laser modules for laser level or aimer.
  • El.En. Group - Italy. Manufactures wide range of laser systems and products for industrial, medical, scientific, and educational applications. Site incorporates detailed product and usage information.
  • Enlight Technologies Inc. - Manufactures range of laser pointers. Site incorporates product details and prices.
  • Equilasers Incorporated - Manufactures laser components and system hardware for surgical and therapeutic uses and industrial microwelding applications. Site provides detailed product information and includes recorded TV report on company’s capabilities.
  • Evergreen Laser - Remanufactures and rejuvenates most makes of laser tubes and systems. Services include evaluation and recommendations for upgrading of existing equipment. Site includes corporate and technical videos.
  • Excel Technology Asia Sdn Bhd - Malaysia. Manufactures wide range of gas and solid state lasers for scientific and industrial requirements. Site provides detailed account of products, applications, and available technical support services.
  • Exitech Advanced Laser Technology - Specializes in the use of lasers for micro and nanofabrication applications in industry and supplier of pulsed laser processing systems.
  • Extreme Lasers - Specializes in supply of modified 5mW green laser pointers, DPSS laser modules, blue lasers, and other light show components. Site incorporates FAQ page and explanation of process involved in upgrading green lasers.
  • Factory Authorized Service Inc. - Company recently formed to provide repair, maintenance, and calibration services for Beta LaserMike brand of micrometers.
  • FP Industries - Canada. Manufactures selection of alignment lasers. Site provides details of available products and examples of applications.
  • Fraunhofer Center for Laser Technology - Focuses on research and development related to laser technology, manufacturing, and applications. Site describes range of services and activities and includes links to offshoot organizations.
  • Gam Laser Inc. - Manufactures excimer and 157nm fluorine lasers for various scientific, medical, and industrial applications. Site includes extensive technical background and product information.
  • Golden Light Co. Ltd. - Korea. Manufactures diode and lamp pulsed solid state laser systems for variety of industrial machining and medical applications.
  • GSI Lumonics Inc. - Designs, develops, manufactures and markets laser-based advanced manufacturing systems for semiconductor, electronics, aerospace and automotive industries. (Nasdaq: GSLI).
  • Guidance Control Systems - Supply niche laser navigation products and software for the factory automation, robotic vehicle, and marine markets.
  • Haas Laser Technologies Inc. - Specializes in laser beam delivery components, enclosures, and custom designed and manufactured systems. Site incorporates detailed account of capabilities and product range.
  • Hama Sensors Inc. - Manufactures optoelectric reflective sensors for robotic handling and alignment of semiconductor wafers. Also produces through-beam laser micrometers for precision measurement in semiconductor and electronics industries.
  • HHR Lasers Inc. - Refurbishes, repairs, and upgrades gas lasers; stocks range of remanufactured lasers and accessories; offers consultancy and custom design of lasers; and interested in purchasing used lasers for remanufacturing.
  • High Power Devices Inc. - Manufacturers range of standard or customized high power laser diodes. Site incorporates detailed technical information regarding available products.
  • Hubei Guangtong Photoelectronic System Co., Ltd - China. Manufactures and distributes Nd:YAG and CO2 lasers, industrial laser cutting, marking, and welding machines, and broad range of related accessories. Site incorporates detailed product information.
  • I B Lazer AG - Germany. Manufactures broad range of lasers for variety of cutting, marking, structuring, and processing operations. Site provides detailed product and application information.
  • Industrial Laser Sales & Service - Canada. Distributes selection of special purpose laser cutting and levelling instruments for use in sawmills and paper, textile, and process industries. Site explains underlying control principles and range of applications.
  • Industrial Microphotonics Company - Specializes in supply of high power laser diodes and associated products. Includes unmounted bars, array submodules, and laser diode and fibre coupled arrays. Site includes handling tips and application notes.
  • IPG Photonics - Specializes in high performance fiber amplifiers and fiber lasers. Applications include communications, materials processing, test and measurement, and research markets. Site provides detailed product and usage information.
  • JENOPTIK Laserdiode GmbH - Manufacturer and distributor of high power diode lasers from 30 W to several kW for solid state laser pumping,industrial and medical applications.
  • JSC Plasma - Russia. Develops and manufactures broad range of gas lasers for industrial, medical, entertainment, and environmental protection markets. Site incorporates detailed product and application information.
  • Kapteyn-Murnane Laboratories LLC - Manufactures ultrafast lasers, instrumentation equipment, and related accessories. Site includes detailed relevant technical information.
  • Keopsys SA - France. Manufactures broad range of fiber amplifiers and lasers. Applications include telecommunications, materials processing, test and measurement, and research markets. Site includes detailed product and usage information.
  • Korea Laser Tech Co. Ltd. - Manufactures and distributes range of laser equipment, primarily for the Asian market. Products include cutting, welding, marking, and display units and optical parts and attachments.
  • Lambda Physik UV - German company manufacturing wide range of UV laser products for variety of industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Includes excimer, pulsed dye, solid state tunable, and pulsed diode pumped YAG systems.
  • Laser Beam Products - British manufacturers of optics for high power CW and pulsed lasers. Includes copper, gold, and metal mirrors, beam expanders, and phase retarders. Can also supply spare parts for industrial cutting and welding lasers.
  • Laser Innovations - Repairs, services, sells, and rents various brands of ion laser systems, as well as stocking wide range of plasma tubes. Site provides comprehensive details of available products and services.
  • Laser Optics and Mechanisms - Distributes parts and consumables for major brands of laser equipment. Includes optics, nozzles, and consumables for plasma cutting and metrology applications.
  • Laser Precise - Laser processing service center and fabricator.
  • Laser Products - Specializes in the manufacture and distribution of compact laser systems for the flooring, building, remodeling and manufacturing industries that accomplish square, level, slopes, plumb and measurements and custom applications.
  • Laser Resale Inc. - Buys, sells, and brokers used and surplus lasers, laser systems, associated equipment, and optical laboratory products. Site incorporates details and asking prices of current inventory.
  • LaserJamb - Laser based device with variety of applications for determining correct positioning and alignment. Uses include cabinetmaking and electrical, door, wall, and window installations. Site provides details of product and uses.
  • Laserlight Europe BV - Manufacture the brand Laserati laser system which is geared towards the industrial rubber stamp industry.
  • Lasermate Group, Inc. - Manufacturer and distributor of laser diode modules and related products for communication and optoelectronic applications. Provides detailed product information.
  • LaserPath Technologies - Specializes in standard and customized lasers and electro-optic products for the photonics research community.
  • Laserquipment Ag - Development and production of machines for laserbeam-welding of thermoplastic materials, including hardware, software and processdiagnostics.
  • LaserSource - Specializes in supply of forklift laser guidance system. Site describes objectives, which include reduction in accidents and product damage, as well as increase in operator efficency and productivity.
  • Lasertech Group Inc. - Canada. Manufactures laser systems and trace detection instrumentation. Applications include communications, crystal growing, film deposition, radar, research, photo-acoustics, process control, and spectroscopy.
  • Lee Laser Inc. - Specializes in manufacture of lamp and diode pumped Nd:YAG lasers for variety of industrial and science equipment applications. Examples include use in marking, engraving, cutting, drilling, and welding systems.
  • Leister Process Technologies - Switzerland. Manufactures wide selection of laser based welding and soldering equipment. Includes hand tools through to automated systems. Extensive site provides detailed product and application information.
  • Lenox Laser Corp. - Specializes in laser microhole drilling and creation of minute apertures and slits in a variety of substrates. Site incorporates extensive account of capabilities and applications.
  • LG Laser Technologies GmbH - Germany. Supplies wide range of customized laser systems. Includes equipment for industrial and medical testing and measurement, material surface treatment, printing quality control, and entertainment displays.
  • Light Age Inc. - Specializes in tunable solid-state alexandrite laser systems for variety of aesthetic, medical, scientific research, material processing, and product development applications. Site incorporates account of underlying technology and benefits.
  • LIMAB - Swedish company specializing in manufacture of laser gauges, sensors, and non contact measurement systems. Site provides examples of applications in steelmill, sawmill, gypsum board, wood sheet, and cable industries.
  • Limo Lissotschenko Microoptik GmbH - Germany. Manufactures customized micro optics and high power diode lasers. Site incorporates detailed product specifications and application information.
  • Lite Cycles Inc. - Company involved in research, development, and manufacture of products based on application of Raman laser technology. Site incorporates list of technical papers and detailed biographies of founders and other staff members.
  • Litron - Manufacturer of laster hermetic sealing systems and contract provider of laser sealing services. Product details and company information.
  • Lumics GmbH - Germany. Specializes in manufacture of fiber optic components, with focus on production of pump lasers and modules, laser diodes, and submounted laser chips. Main application is for optical networks.
  • MCE Lasers - Australian manufacturer of alignment and levelling lasers for the agricultural, building, civic, and mining industries. Site contains product and application information.
  • Meredith Instruments - Sells, run auctions, and offers repair service on surplus laser parts and equipment. General focus is on helium-neon products. Site includes details of available items and current auctions.
  • Microtex Electronics Inc. - Sells refurbished laser micrometer units and related equipment. Site includes details of current inventory. Also offers emergency repair and preventive maintenance services.
  • Millennium Lasers Ltd. - UK. Manufactures broad range of laser tubes for variety of industrial, medical, and scientific markets. Applications include cutting, marking, engraving, drilling, welding, heat treatment, scribing, and perforation.
  • Modu-Laser, LLC - Manufactures modular, compact, reliable, air-cooled, ion lasers for research, entertainment, instrumentation, medical and OEM applications.
  • Moduloc Control Systems - Distributor of industrial laser sensors, detectors and measurement systems to the Steel, Aluminum and Metals Industries. Site contains product information.
  • Molecular Technology GmbH - Germany. Specializes in supplies for the laser industry. Includes optical parts, wafers and substrates, solid-state laser items, and organic, inorganic, and scintillating crystals. Site incorporates detailed product information.
  • Newport Corporation - Manufactures a broad range of laser and optical components and devices for industrial, medical, and research markets. Site incorporates detailed product information.
  • Norseld Pty. Ltd. - Australia. Designs and manufactures copper bromide lasers for variety of medical, industrial, and scientific applications. Site includes details of available products and examples of uses.
  • Nutfield Technology Inc - Manufacturers specializing in supply of galvanometer based optical scanning products. Site incorporates technical and application details.
  • Nuvonyx Inc. - Manufactures laser systems based on high power direct diode technology. Applications include brazing, curing, metal cladding, paint stripping, seam welding, and surface hardening. Site includes demonstration video clips.
  • Opus Medical Inc. - Canada. Specializes in supply and application of diode laser products for removal of unwanted hair. Site explains underlying technical details and shows example of results.
  • Oxford Lasers - UK. Produces variety of specialized laser devices, with emphasis on high speed imaging and precision micromachining. Site provides detailed account of products, applications, and additional corporate capabilities.
  • Pacific Laser Systems - Manufactures self-leveling laser layout tools. Site includes product and dealer information.
  • Paragon Laser Systems - Offering q-switched and continuous wave lasers, that are fiber optically delivered and air-cooled.
  • Parallax Technology Inc - Manufactures CO2 lasers and replacement tubes for a variety of industrial and medical applications. Site incorporates extensive information about products, prices, applications, and available services.
  • pb-laser.com - Site describes patented laser produced in China, with claim to higher beam quality than conventional products. Uses include industrial processing, research and development, and medical applications.
  • PD-LD Inc. - Markets fiber optic components for broad range of applications. Includes laser diodes and light sources, bi-directional devices, attenuators, LEDs, detectors, and collimators. Company is member of consortium headed by Princeton University.
  • Phoenix Photonix Inc. - Sells, leases, services, and provides training in aesthetic laser equipment used for hair and tattoo removal and other dermatology applications. Also offers pre-owned items and supplies safety and similar accessories.
  • Photonic Products Ltd - Manufacturer and distributor of standard and custom designed laser diode modules and optics and red, infrared and blue-violet laser diodes. Provides technical specifications and examples of applications. UK.
  • Photonic Solutions - UK. Distributor of lasers and accessories for science and industry. Site contains product information.
  • Photonics Industries International Inc. - Manufacturer diode and lamp pumped solid state laser systems with harmonic generation and tunable wavelength features and benefits. Applications include micromachining, stereolithography, and photopolymerization.
  • Pinpoint Laser Systems - Manufactures wide selection of laser measurement and alignment equipment. Site provides detailed product and application information.
  • PLT Technology, Inc. - Designs, manufactures, and sells high power semiconductor lasers in standard and custom wavelength, power, and package configurations.
  • Princetel Inc. - Manufactures broad range of fiber optic components and modules. Includes pigtailed and receptacle laser/photo diode modules and turnkey laser diode light sources. Site provides detailed product information.
  • Process Photonics - Manufactures automated laser material processing, handling and inspection systems and offers opto-electronic and opto-mechanical product development services.
  • QPhotonics, LLC - Specializes in supply of fiber-coupled high brightness laser diodes, OEM modules, and turnkey systems in 660-1800 nm range. Site includes details of available products and suggested applications.
  • Quantel - France. Manufactures broad range of lasers and laser systems. Site provides details of available products and examples of industrial, scientific, and medical applications.
  • Quarton USA Co. Ltd. - Manufacturers of laser diodes for variety of applications. Range includes pointers, beamshots, light show instrument, and builders measuring tools. Site includes FAQ section and permits online shopping.
  • RIEGL Laser Measurement Systems - Austria. Manufactures laser based rangefinders, distance and level sensors, speed meters, and scanner systems. Site includes detailed technical and application information.
  • SCANLAB AG - Germany. Manufactures variety of positioning and deflection systems for lasers and other optical beams. Site provides detailed product and application information and access to downloadable brochures.
  • Scantron Industrial Products Ltd. - UK. Manufactures laser-based, non-contact dimensional measurement equipment. Applications include determination of profile, diameter, length, thickness, velocity, distance, and displacement.
  • Scientific Development and Integration - South Africa. Research group focused on development of pulsed gas lasers for scientific, medical, and industrial applications. Site includes detailed product information, examples of projects, and related technical notes and data.
  • Seiffert Industrial - Manufactures precision alignment products that incorporate patented reflective laser beam technology. Site provides product and application information and includes animated demonstration of horizontal and vertical pulley alignment process.
  • Shanghai Dream Lasers Technology Co., Ltd. - Manufacturers of lasers, crystals and optics with information about the company, products and contacts.
  • Shanghai Uniwave Technology Co. Ltd. - China. Manufactures range of low power diode pumped solid state lasers, components, and crystals. Site provides product details and contact information.
  • Sigm Plus Co. - Russia. Specializes in manufacture of epiwafers for laser diodes, as well as laser modules, laser diodes, and laser diode drivers. Site provides detailed product information.
  • SLCR Lasertechnik GmbH - Germany. Manufactures laser systems designed for surface treatment. Applications include decoating, depainting, cleaning, and marking. Service include feasibility studies and recommendations regarding suitability of equipment.
  • SLS Optics Limited - UK. Manufacturer specialized range of laser components, including those known as etalons. Site provides detailed information regarding products and applications in wide range of industries.
  • Spectrum A.T.N. Ltd. - Canada. Distributes broad range of laser systems, products, components, crystals, and accessories. Applications include science, industry, medicine, and art restoration.
  • Spin One - Offers selection of products and services for laser based research and industrial lab requirements. Includes thermoelectric cooler drivers/controllers for diode laser arrays and other large heat loads.
  • Spiricon Inc. - Specializes in application of camera and software based laser beam analyzers. Site provides extensive technical background and product information with details for ordering literature and arranging system demonstration.
  • Suncoast Technologies Inc. - Manufactures range of laser components. Includes head blocks and tops, ellipses, aperture and mirror mounts, shutter assemblies, and mechanical rail kits. Can also provide precision machine services.
  • Surg/Assist Inc. - Manufactures laser smoke evacuation units, related accessories, and a laser system for a variety of medical procedures. Site includes detailed discussion of product features, benefits, and applications.
  • Tekhnoscan JSC - Manufacturer of lasers and laser-related products for a variety of scientific, technological, medical, and other applications.
  • Telsar - Provides laser repair, service agreements,laser accessories, pre-owned lasers and safety equipment.
  • Time-Bandwidth Products AG - Switzerland. Manufactures ultrafast lasers. Applications include material processing, medical diagnosis, sensoring, testing, and communications. Site explains nature, features, and benefits of underlying technology.
  • Trimble Florida - Full service, regionally based distributors of Trimble and Spectra Precision brands of positioning products. Detailed site includes information on laser products for broad range of construction and agriculture requirements.
  • TuiLaser AG - Germany. Specializes in applications of excimer laser technology for treatment and restructure of material surfaces. Includes equipment for micromachining, vision correction, heart surgery, and semiconductor manufacture.
  • Umicore Laser Optics - UK. Manufactures range of optical components and industrial beam-delivery systems for CO2 lasers. Site provides detailed information regarding products, applications, and related technology.
  • Unique-Mode AG - An OEM manufacturer of highpower diodelaser modules used for pumping EDFAs in the telecom industry or DPSSL ín the medical technology. From Germany.
  • U.S. Laser Corporation - Full service manufacturer of lasers, laser components, and laser systems. Applications include welding, cutting, micromachining, marking, heat treatment, and surface processing. Site incorporates detailed product catalogue.
  • Virtek Vision International Inc. - Virtek manufactures precision laser-based systems for laser marking, laser engraving, quality inspection and templating. Virtek serves customers in the prefabricated construction, transportation, metalworking, tool and die and mold making industries.
  • Visotek - Designer and manufacturer of optical components and fiber coupled actively cooled high power diode laser systems with beam shaping. Michigan, USA.
  • Wavelength Technology - Singapore company supplying wide range of optics, spare parts, and accessories for industrial, medical, and R&D lasers. Site incorporates detailed product information.
  • World StarTechnologies Inc. - Canada. Manufactures variety of laser diode modules. Includes red, green, infrared, line, cross, and detection versions. Site includes technical product and application details.
  • Zaubertek Inc. - Offers selected range of laser products and services. Includes specialized attachment for spectrometers, infrared semiconductor laser, and neutron activated method of forgery detection and document recovery.
  • Z-LASER Optoelektronik GmbH - Germany. Manufactures variety of laser products for positioning and alignment applications. Site provides details of product range and examples of uses in cutting metal, concrete, glass, and other materials.
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    Lumics 推出1KW激光光源

    【摘要】2007年4月24日,德国Lumics公司今天推出LU0940C1000 1kW输出的泵浦激光器光源。

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    半导体激光器的工作特性

    1.阈值电流。当注入p-n结的电流较低时,只有自发辐射产生,随电流值的增大增益也增大,达阈值电流时,p-n结产生激光。影响阈值的几个因素:

      (1)晶体的掺杂浓度越大,阈值越小。
      (2)谐振腔的损耗小,如增大反射率,阈值就低。
      (3)与半导体材料结型有关,异质结阈值电流比同质结低得多。目前,室温下同质结的阈值电流大于30000A/cm2;单异质结约为8000A/cm2;双异质结约为1600A/cm2。现在已用双异质结制成在室温下能连续输出几十毫瓦的半导体激光器。
      (4)温度愈高,阈值越高。100K以上,阈值随T的三次方增加。因此,半导体激光器最好在低温和室温下工作。

      2.方向性。由于半导体激光器的谐振腔短小,激光方向性较差,在结的垂直平面内,发散角最大,可达20°-30°;在结的水平面内约为10°左右。

      3.效率。量子效率

      η=每秒发射的光子数/每秒到达结区的电子空穴对数
      77K时,GaAs激光器量子效率达70%-80%;300K时,降到30%左右。
      功率效率η1=辐射的光功率/加在激光器上的电功率
      由于各种损耗,目前的双异质结器件,室温时的η1最高10%,只有在低温下才能达到30%-40%。

      4.光谱特性。由于半导体材料的特殊电子结构,受激复合辐射发生在能带(导带与价带)之间,所以激光线宽较宽,GaAs激光器,室温下谱线宽度约为几纳米,可见其单色性较差。输出激光的峰值波长:77K时为840nm;300K时为902nm。

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    法布里-珀罗(FP-LD)半导体激光器

    法布里-珀罗激光器(FP-LD)是最常见、最普通的半导体激光器,它最大的特点是激光器的谐振腔由半导体材料的两个解理面构成。目前光纤通信上采用的FP-LD的制作技术已经相当成熟,普遍采用双异质结多量子阱有源层、载流子与光分别限制的结构。

        半导体激光器由于边界条件的不同,存在三个方向的模式问题。沿激光器输出方向形成的驻波模式称为纵模,垂直于有源层方向的模式称为垂直横模,平行于有源层并和输出方向垂直的模式称为水平横模。在光通信领域中,至少要求激光器工作在基横模状态。对于FP-LD来说,基横模实现比较容易,主要通过控制激光器有源层的厚度和条宽来实现,常用的结构有掩埋异质结、脊波导等。而纵模控制就有一定的困难,FP-LD利用一对相互平行的反射镜进行纵模选择,通常激光器的长度在数百微米的量级,对应的模式间距为1 nm的量级,而激光器的增益谱宽度达100 nm的量级,多纵模激射的可能性相当大。对于一般的FP-LD,当注入电流在阈值电流附近时,可以观察到多个纵模;进一步加大注入电流,谱峰处的某个波长首先激射,消耗了大部分载流子,压制其它模式的激射,有可能形成单纵模工作;当对FP-LD进行高速调制时,原有的激射模式就会发生变化,出现多模工作。这就决定了FP-LD不能应用于高速光纤通信系统。但是相对其它结构的激光器来说,FP-LD的结构和制作工艺最简单,成本最低,适用于调制速率小于622 Mbit/s的光纤通信系统。目前商用的1.3 ?滋m FP-LD阈值电流在10 mA以下,输出功率在10 mW左右(注入电流为2~3 Ith,Ith为阈值电流)因此在光纤接入网中获得广泛应用。
        目前FP-LD的主要发展趋势在于研发无制冷器件和进一步降低制作成本。传统的FP-LD的谐振腔通过解理实现,在性能测试的时候需要对解理过的单个尺寸为数百微米量级的激光器进行操作,生产效率较低。如果能用其他方法形成反射镜面,然后在整个衬底上对单个激光器进行测试,则大大提高生产效率并降低成本。采用等离子体刻蚀的方法可以获得垂直光滑的反射镜面,使得这种激光器和传统的端面解理的FP-LD具有相同的性能,并且可以在同一衬底上将激光器和光探测器集成,从而形成了基于整个衬底的激光器加工工艺路线,有可能大大降低成本。

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    日亚化学利用半导体激光器开发出高亮度白色光源

    日亚化学工业日前使用GaN类半导体激光器,开发出了亮度接近1000万cd/m2的白色光源。亮度值与高档卤素灯和通用HID灯(高强度放电灯)大体相当。比通常称为点光源的白色发光二极管(LED)高出1位数。可由直径仅1.25mm的圆形出射面得到光通量50lm的白色光。将作为卤素灯和HID灯的替代产品,于2005年下半年开始供应样品。这种白色光源计划将在2005年4月20日~22日于东京BigSight国际会展中心举办的“第15届平板显示器研究开发暨制造技术展”上进行展示。 


      这次的白色光源首先可得到由采用GaN类材料的蓝色半导体激光器或者蓝紫色半导体激光器射出的光,配合使用对激光器射出的光进行波长转换的荧光材料,便能得到白色光。白色光源由配置半导体激光器的光源部分,和其中一头是涂有荧光材料的发光面的光纤组成。使用光学透镜,将半导体激光器射出的光射入光纤后,就会由光纤另一头涂有荧光材料的发光面将光传播到外部。由于光纤从机械特性上来说很柔软,而且长度能够达到数米,因此通过弯曲光纤,就能将发光面配置到和光源部分不同的位置处。发光时会发热的光源部分由于能够配置在发光面以外的其他位置,因此利用风扇和帕尔贴元件给发光面散热的必要性非常小。 

      半导体激光器以连续振荡的方式来使用。连续振荡时的功率为200mW左右。使用蓝色半导体的品种发光效率为35lm/W。+4.7V输入电压和300mA输入电流的条件下可得到50lm的光通量。采用蓝紫色半导体激光器的品种发光效率为18lm/W。在+3.7V输入电压和150mA的条件下,可发出光通量10lm的光。平均演色性指数(Ra)方面,采用蓝色半导体激光器的品种为72,采用蓝紫色半导体激光器的品种为87。

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    半导体激光器的发展及其应用

    半导体激光器是以直接带隙半导体材料构成的Pn结或Pin结为工作物质的一种小型化激光器.半导体激光工作物质有几十种,目前已制成激光器的半导体材料有砷化稼(GaAs)、砷化锢(InAs)、锑化锢(InSb)、硫化锅(cds)、蹄化福(CdTe)、硒化铅(PbSe)、啼化铅(PhTe)、铝稼砷(A1xGa-As)、锢磷砷(In-PxAS)等.

        半导体激光器的激励方式主要有三种,即电注人式、光泵式和高能电子束激励式.

        绝大多数半导体激光器的激励方式是电注入,即给Pn结加正向电压,以使在结平面区域产生受激发射,也就是说是个正向偏置的二极管,因此半导体激光器又称为半导体激光二极管.对半导体来说,由于电子是在各能带之间进行跃迁,而不是在分立的能级之间跃迁,所以跃迁能量不是个确定值,这使得半导体激光器的输出波长展布在一个很宽的范围上.它们所发出的波长在3-34pm之间.其波长范围决定于所用材料的能带间隙,最常见的是AlGaA:双异质结激光器,其输出波长为750-890nm.

        世界上第一只半导体激光器是1962年问世的,经过几十年来的研究,半导体激光器得到了惊人的发展,它的波长从红外、红光到蓝绿光,被盖范围逐渐扩大,各项性能参数也有了很大的提高,其制作技术经历了由扩散法到液相外延法(LPE),气相外延法(VPE),分子束外延法(MBE),MOCVD方法(金属有机化合物汽相淀积),化学束外延(CBE)以及它们的各种结合型等多种工艺.其激射闭值电流由几百mA降到几十mA,直到亚mA,其寿命由几百到几万小时,乃至百万小时从最初的低温(77K)下运转发展到宰la下连续工作,输出功率由几毫瓦提高到千瓦级(阵列器件)它具有效率高、体积小、重量轻、结构简单、能将电能直接转换为激光能、功率转换效率高(已达10%以上、最大可达50%).便于直接调制、省电等优点,因此应用领域日益扩大.目前,固定波长半导体激光器的使用数量居所有激光器之首,某些重要的应用领域过去常用的其他激光器,已逐渐为半导体激光器所取代.

        半导体激光器最大的缺点是:激光性能受温度影响大,光束的发散角较大(一般在几度到20度之间),所以在方向性、单色性和相干性等方面较差.但随着科学技术的迅速发展,半导体激光器的研究正向纵深方向推进,半导体激光器的性能在不断地提高.目前半导体激光器的功率可以达到很高的水平,而且光束质量也有了很大的提高.以半导体激光器为核心的半导体光电子技术在21世纪的信息社会中将取得更大的进展,发挥更大的作用.

        本文对半导体激光器的工作原理、发展历史和应用前景作一简略的介绍.

        2  半导体激光器的工作原理

        半导体激光器是一种相干辐射光源,要使它能产生激光,必须具备三个基本条件:(1)增益条件:建立起激射媒质(有源区)内载流子的反转分布。在半导体中代表电子能量的是由一系列接近于连续的能级所组成的能带,因此在半导体中要实现粒子数反转,必须在两个能带区域之间,处在高能态导带底的电子数比处在低能态价带顶的空穴数大很多,这靠给同质结或异质结加正向偏压,向有源层内注人必要的载流子来实现,将电子从能量较低的价带激发到能量较高的导带中去.当处于粒子数反转状态的大量电子与空穴复合时,便产生受激发射作用.

        (2)要实际获得相干受激辐射,必须使受激辐射在光学谐振腔内得到多次反馈而形成激光振荡,激光器的谐振腔是由半导体晶体的自然解理面作为反射镜形成的,通常在不出光的那一端镀上高反多层介质膜,而出光面镀上减反膜.对F-p腔(法布里一拍罗腔)半导体激光器可以很方便地利用晶体的与P一n结平面相垂直的自然解理面构成F一P腔.

        (3)为了形成稳定振荡,激光媒质必须能提供足够大的增益,以弥补谐振腔引起的光损耗及从腔面的激光输出等引起的损耗,不断增加腔内的光场.这就必须要有足够强的电流注入,即有足够的粒子数反转,粒子数反转程度越高,得到的增益就越大,即要求必须满足一定的电流阀值条件.当激光器达到阀值,具有特定波长的光就能在腔内谐振并被放大,最后形成激光而连续地输出.可见在半导体激光器中,电子和空穴的偶极子跃迁是基本的光发射和光放大过程对于新型半导体激光器而言,人们目前公认量子阱是半导体激光器发展的根本动力.量子线和量子点能否充分利用量子效应的课题已延至本世纪,科学家们已尝试用自组织结构在各种材料中制作量子点,而GaInN量子点已用于半导体激光器.另外,科学家也已经做出了另一类受激辐射过程的量子级联激光器,这种受激辐射基于从半导体导带的一个次能级到同一能带更低一级状态的跃迁,由于只有导带中的电子参与这种过程,因此它是单极性器件.

        3  半导体激光器的发展历史

        20世纪60年代初期的半导体激光器是同质结型激光器,它是在一种材料上制作的pn结二极管在正向大电流注人下,电子不断地向p区注人,空穴不断地向n区注入.于是,在原来的pn结耗尽区内实现了载流子分布的反转,由于电子的迁移速度比空穴的迁移速度快,在有源区发生辐射、复合,发射出荧光,在一定的条件下发生激光,这是一种只能以脉冲形式工作的半导体激光器.

        半导体激光器发展的第二阶段是异质结构半导体激光器,它是由两种不同带隙的半导体材料薄层,如G&As, GaAlAs所组成,最先出现的是单异质结构激光器(1969年).单异质结注人型激光器(SHLD)是利用异质结提供的势垒把注入电子限制在GaAsP一N结的P区之内,以此来降低阀值电流密度,其数值比同质结激光器降低了一个数量级,但单异质结激光器仍不能在室温下连续工作.

        1970年,实现了激光波长为9000A.室温连续工作的双异质结GaA(砷化稼一稼铝砷)激光器.双异质结激光器(DHL)的诞生使可用波段不断拓宽,线宽和调谐性能逐步提高,其结构的特点是在P型和n型材料之间生长了仅有0.2Eam厚的,不掺杂的,具有较窄能隙材料的一个薄层,因此注人的载流子被限制在该区域内(有源区),因而注人较少的电流就可以实现载流子数的反转.在半导体激光器件中,目前比较成熟、性能较好、应用较广的是具有双异质结构的电注人式G&A。二极管激光器.

        随着异质结激光器的研究发展,人们想到如果将超薄膜(<20nm)的半导体层作为激光器的激括层,以致于能够产生量子效应,结果会是怎么样?再加之由于MBE,MOCVD技术的成就,于是,在1978年出现了世界上第一只半导体量子阱激光器(QWL),它大幅度地提高了半导体激光器的各种性能.后来,又由于MOCVD,MBE生长技术的成熟,能生长出高质量超精细薄层材料,之后,便成功地研制出了性能更加良好的量子阱激光器,量子阱半导体激光器与双异质结(DH)激光器相比,具有阑值电流低、输出功率高,频率响应好,光谱线窄和温度稳定性好和较高的电光转换效率等许多优点.

        QWL在结构上的特点是它的有源区是由多个或单个阱宽约为100人的势阱所组成,由于势阱宽度小于材料中电子的德布罗意波的波长,产生了量子效应,连续的能带分裂为子能级.因此,特别有利于载流子的有效填充,所需要的激射阅值电流特别低.半导体激光器的结构中应用的主要是单、多量子阱,单量子阱(SQW)激光器的结构基本上就是把普通双异质结(DH)激光器的有源层厚度做成数十nm以下的一种激光器,通常把势垒较厚以致于相邻势阱中电子波函数不发生交迭的周期结构称为多量子阱(MQW).量子阱激光器单个输出功率现已大于1w,承受的功率密度已达lOMW/cm3以上而为了得到更大的输出功率,通常可以把许多单个半导体激光器组合在一起形成半导体激光器列阵。

        因此,量子阱激光器当采用阵列式集成结构时,输出功率则可达到l00w以上.近年来,高功率半导体激光器(特别是阵列器件)飞速发展,已经推出的产品有连续输出功率5W,10W,20W和30W的激光器阵列.脉冲工作的半导体激光器峰值输出功率50w,120W和1500W的阵列也已经商品化.一个4.5cm×9cm的二维阵列,其峰值输出功率已经超过45BW.峰值输出功率为350KW的二维阵列也已间世,从20世纪70年代末开始,半导体激光器明显向着两个方向发展,一类是以传递信息为目的的信息型激光器.另一类是以提高光功率为目的的功率型激光器.在泵浦固体激光器等应用的推动下,高功率半导体激光器(连续输出功率在100以上,脉冲输出功率在5W以上,均可称之谓高功率半导体激光器)在20世纪90年代取得了突破性进展,其标志是半导体激光器的输出功率显著增加,国外千瓦级的高功率半导体激光器已经商品化,国内样品器件输出已达到600W[61.如果从激光波段的被扩展的角度来看,先是红外半导体激光器,接着是670nm红光半导体激光器大量进人应用,接着,波长为650nm,635nm的问世,蓝绿光、蓝光半导体激光器也相继研制成功,l0mw量级的紫光乃至紫外光半导体激光器,也在加紧研制中为适应各种应用而发展起来的半导体激光器还有可调谐半导体激光器,电子束激励半导体激光器以及作为“集成光路”的最好光源的分布反馈激光器(DFB一LD),分布布喇格反射式激光器(DBR一LD)和集成双波导激光器.另外,还有高功率无铝激光器(从半导体激光器中除去铝,以获得更高输出功率,更长寿命和更低造价的管子)、中红外半导体激光器和量子级联激光器等等.其中,可调谐半导体激光器是通过外加的电场、磁场、温度、压力、掺杂盆等改变激光的波长,可以很方便地对输出光束进行调制.分布反馈(DFB)式半导体激光器是伴随光纤通信和集成光学回路的发展而出现的,它于1991年研制成功,分布反馈式半导体激光器完全实现了单纵模运作,在相干技术领域中又开辟了巨大的应用前景它是一种无腔行波激光器,激光振荡是由周期结构(或衍射光栅)形成光藕合提供的,不再由解理面构成的谐振腔来提供反馈,优点是易于获得单模单频输出,容易与纤维光缆、调制器等辆合,特别适宜作集成光路的光源.

        单极性注入的半导体激光器是利用在导带内(或价带内)子能级间的热电子光跃迁以实现受激光发射,自然要使导带和价带内存在子能级或子能带,这就必须采用量子阱结构.单极性注人激光器能获得大的光功率输出,是一种商效率和超商速响应的半导体激光器,并对发展硅基激光器及短波激光器很有利.量子级联激光器的发明大大简化了在中红外到远红外这样宽波长范围内产生特定波长激光的途径.它只用同一种材料,根据层的厚度不同就能得到上述波长范围内的各种波长的激光.同传统半导体激光器相比,这种激光器不需冷却系统,可以在室温下稳定操作.低维(量子线和量子点)激光器的研究发展也很快,日本okayama的GaInAsP/Inp长波长量子线(Qw+)激光器已做到90kCW工作条件下Im  =6A,l=37A/cm2并有很高的量子效率.众多科研单位正在研制自组装量子点(QD)激光器,目前该QDLD已具有了高密度,高均匀性和高发射功率.由于实际需要,半导体激光器的发展主要是围绕着降低阔值电流密度、延长工作寿命、实现室温连续工作,以及获得单模、单频、窄线宽和发展各种不同激射波长的器件进行的.

        20世纪90年代出现并特别值得一提的是面发射激光器(SEL),早在1977年,人们就提出了所谓的面发射激光器,并于1979年做出了第一个器件,1987年做出了用光泵浦的780nm的面发射激光器.1998年GaInAIP/GaA。面发射激光器在室温下达到亚毫安的网电流,8mW的输出功率和11%的转换效率。前面谈到的半导体激光器,从腔体结构上来说,不论是F一P(法布里一泊罗)腔或是DBR(分布布拉格反射式)腔,激光输出都是在水平方向,统称为水平腔结构.它们都是沿着衬底片的平行方向出光的.而面发射激光器却是在芯片上下表面镀上反射膜构成了垂直方向的F一p腔,光输出沿着垂直于衬底片的方向发出,垂直腔面发射半导体激光器(VCSEIS)是一种新型的量子阱激光器,它的激射阔值电流低,输出光的方向性好,藕合效率高,能得到相当强的光功率输出,垂直腔面发射激光器已实现了工作温度最高达71摄氏度. 20世纪90年代末,面发射激光器和垂直腔面发射激光器得到了迅速的发展,且已考虑了在超并行光电子学中的多种应用.980mn,850nm和780nm的器件在光学系统中已经实用化.目前,垂直腔面发射激光器已用于千兆位以太网的高速网络。

        为了满足21世纪信息传输宽带化、信息处理高速化、信息存储大容量以及军用装备小型、高精度化等需要,半导体激光器的发展趋势主要在高速宽带LD、大功率ID,短波长LD,盆子线和量子点激光器、中红外LD等方面.目前,在这些方面取得了一系列重大的成果.

        4  半导体激光器的应用

        半导体激光器是成熟较早、进展较快的一类激光器,由于它的波长范围宽,制作简单、成本低、易于大量生产,并且由于体积小、重量轻、寿命长,因此,品种发展快,应用范围广,目前已超过300种,半导体激光器的最主要应用领域是Gb局域网,850mn波长的半导体激光器适用于)1Gb/s。局域网,1300mn-1550nm波长的半导体激光器适用于1OGb局域网系统.半导体激光器的应用范围覆盖了整个光电子学领域,已成为当今光电子科学的核心技术.半导体激光器在激光测距、激光雷达、激光通信、激光模拟武器、激光警戒、激光制导跟踪、引燃引爆、自动控制、检测仪器等方面获得了广泛的应用,形成了广阔的市场。

        1978年,半导体激光器开始应用于光纤通信系统,半导体激光器可以作为光纤通信的光源和指示器以及通过大规模集成电路平面工艺组成光电子系统.由于半导体激光器有着超小型、高效率和高速工作的优异特点,所以这类器件的发展,一开始就和光通信技术紧密结合在一起,它在光通信、光变换、光互连、并行光波系统、光信息处理和光存贮、光计算机外部设备的光祸合等方面有重要用途.半导体激光器的问世极大地推动了信息光电子技术的发展,到如今,它是当前光通信领域中发展最快、最为重要的激光光纤通信的重要光源.半导体激光器再加上低损耗光纤,对光纤通信产生了重大影响,并加速了它的发展.因此可以说,没有半导体激光器的出现,就没有当今的光通信.GaAs/GaAlA。双异质结激光器是光纤通信和大气通信的重要光源,如今,凡是长距离、大容量的光信息传输系统无不都采用分布反馈式半导体激光器(DFB一LD).半导体激光器也广泛地应用于光盘技术中,光盘技术是集计算技术、激光技术和数字通信技术于一体的综合性技术.是大容t.高密度、快速有效和低成本的信息存储手段,它需要半导体激光器产生的光束将信息写人和读出.

        下面我们具体来看看几种常用的半导体激光器的应用:

        量子阱半导体大功率激光器在精密机械零件的激光加工方面有重要应用,同时也成为固体激光器最理想的、高效率泵浦光源.由于它的高效率、高可靠性和小型化的优点,导致了固体激光器的不断更新.

        在印刷业和医学领域,高功率半导体激光器也有应用.另外,如长波长激光器(1976年,人们用GaInAsP/InP实现了长波长激光器)用于光通信,短波长激光器用于光盘读出.自从NaKamuxa实现了GaInN/GaN蓝光激光器,可见光半导体激光器在光盘系统中得到了广泛应用,如CD播放器,DVD系统和高密度光存储器可见光面发射激光器在光盘、打印机、显示器中都有着很重要的应用,特别是红光、绿光和蓝光面发射激光器的应用更广泛.蓝绿光半导体激光器用于水下通信、激光打印、高密度信息读写、深水探测及应用于大屏幕彩色显示和高清晰度彩色电视机中.总之,可见光半导体激光器在用作彩色显示器光源、光存贮的读出和写人,激光打印、激光印刷、高密度光盘存储系统、条码读出器以及固体激光器的泵浦源等方面有着广泛的用途.量子级联激光的新型激光器应用于环境检测和医检领域.另外,由于半导体激光器可以通过改变磁场或调节电流实现波长调谐,且已经可以获得线宽很窄的激光输出,因此利用半导体激光器可以进行高分辨光谱研究.可调谐激光器是深人研究物质结构而迅速发展的激光光谱学的重要工具大功率中红外(3.5lm)LD在红外对抗、红外照明、激光雷达、大气窗口、自由空间通信、大气监视和化学光谱学等方面有广泛的应用.

        绿光到紫外光的垂直腔面发射器在光电子学中得到了广泛的应用,如超高密度、光存储.近场光学方案被认为是实现高密度光存储的重要手段.垂直腔面发射激光器还可用在全色平板显示、大面积发射、照明、光信号、光装饰、紫外光刻、激光加工和医疗等方面、如前所述,半导体激光器自20世纪80年代初以来,由于取得了DFB动态单纵模激光器的研制成功和实用化,量子阱和应变层量子阱激光器的出现,大功率激光器及其列阵的进展,可见光激光器的研制成功,面发射激光器的实现、单极性注人半导体激光器的研制等等一系列的重大突破,半导体激光器的应用越来越广泛,半导体激光器已成为激光产业的主要组成部分,目前已成为各国发展信息、通信、家电产业及军事装备不可缺少的重要基础器件.

        —-朗讯科技公司下属研发机构贝尔实验室的科学家们近日成功研制出世界上首款能够在红外波长光谱范围内持续可靠地发射光的新型半导体激光器。新设备克服了原有宽带激光发射过程中存在的缺陷,在先进光纤通信和感光化学探测器等领域有着广阔的潜在应用。相关的制造技术可望成为未来用于光纤的高性能半导体激光器的基础。

        —-有关新激光器性质的论文刊登2002年2月21日出版的《自然》杂志上。文章主要作者、贝尔实验室物理学家Claire  Gmachl断言:“超宽带半导体激光器可用来制造高度敏感的万用探测器,以探测大气中的细微污染痕迹,还可用于制造诸如呼吸分析仪等新的医疗诊断工具。”

        —-半导体激光器是一种非常方便的光源,具备紧凑、耐用、便携和强大等特点。然而,典型半导体激光器通常为窄带设备,只能以特有波长发出单色光。相比之下,超宽带激光器具有显著的优势,可以同时在更宽的光谱范围内选取波长。制造出可在范围广泛的操作环境下可靠运行的超宽带激光器正是科学家们长久以来追求的一个目标。

        —-为了研制出新型的激光器,贝尔实验室科学家们采用了650余种光子学中使用的标准半导体材料,并将其叠放在一起组成一个“多层三明治”。这些层面共分为36组,其中不同层面组在感光属性方面有着细微的差别,并在特有的短波长范围内生成光,同时与其他各组之间保持透明.所有这些层面组结合在一起,就能发射出宽带激光。

        —-新型激光器隶属于一种称为量子瀑布(QC)激光器的高性能半导体激光器。QC激光器由Federico  Capasso和AlfredCho及其同事于1994年在贝尔实验室发明,其操作过程非常类似于一道电子瀑布。当电流通过激光器时,电子瀑布将沿着能量阶梯奔流而下;每当其撞击一级阶梯时,就会放射出红外光子。这些红外光子在包含电子瀑布的半导体共振器内前后反射,从而激发出其他光子。这一放大过程将产生出很高的输出能量。

        —-超宽带激光器可在6~8微米红外波长范围产生1.3瓦的峰值能量。Gmachl指出:“从理论上讲,波长范围可以更宽或更窄。选择6~8微米范围波长发射激光,目的是更令人信服地演示我们的想法。未来,我们可以根据诸如光纤应用等具体应用的特定需求量身定制激光器。

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    GaN基半导体激光器仿针与参数优化问题

    以上所说的两个软件主要是用于半导体激光器的器件级仿真,而光学方面的仿真功能较弱。美国的Optiwave公司是世界领先的光学软件公司,其产品OptiBPM可以对波导的传输特性进行全面的仿真,同时进行参数优化。其算法非常优化,且界面友好。

        2.GaN基半导体激光器仿真的问题与难点

        半导体激光器是一个典型的受限载流子(电子+空穴)和光子(不同纵、横模式,受激和自发辐射)系统,GaN基LD的基础结构更是一个大失配的多量子阱体系。这大大增加了GaN基半导体激光器的仿真难度。目前用于开发量子阱激光器二维模拟软件的方法一般采用求解二维电学, 光学, 热学方程, 其中运用增益经验公式或平带增益计算结果。因其方法过于近似化, 不能得到精确的载流子分布。然而,过于精确的求解会使计算量大得惊人,很容易超过目前计算机的计算机极限。

        半导体激光器是一个光、电、热耦合的复杂量子体系,且个物理量之间耦合性非常强。在光存储系统应用中, 要求激光器能工作在0~ 80℃之间. 通过改善激光器的温度特性能确保器件实现高温下稳定工作, 真正达到的实用化。因此温度是一个非常重要的物理量。然而,在半导体激光器中,温度对其它参量的影响非常大。温度对载流子浓度的影响是指数关系,而载流子浓度会影响电流分布,反过来又会影响温度场的分布。这是一个高度非线性的耦合。同时,光场的分布也会影响载流子和温度的分布,这个耦合关系则更为复杂。

        对于GaN基半导体激光器而言,GaN基半导体激光器结构比较复杂,从上到下一般有8~10层材料,而量子阱中更是有很多结构细微的超薄层。整个器件的尺寸差异极大,这在数值计算时容易带来很大的误差。同时,波导中传播模式的问题属于特征值问题,在网格数很多时特征值的求解会变得非常困难,而且由于波的传播是一个无限空间的问题,其特征值的求解往往需要反复迭代,这使求解速度变得非常缓慢。

        GaN基半导体激光器的仿真最大的一个问题在于,GaN基半导体激光器目前的制造工艺还很不完善,器件中存在大量缺陷,这就破坏了仿真的理想假设条件,这给仿真结果的有效性带来了很大的影响。

        针对GaN基半导体激光器的仿真所存在的问题,我们应当对其仿真程序进行针对性优化。首先,我们可以根据一些GaN基半导体激光器实际制造中的情况,作一些合理的简化假设。其次,我们可以对GaN基半导体激光器中特殊的器件结构,如量子阱,设计专门的求解器,加速求解过程。最后,要有效的结合实验结果,不断对仿真程序进行改进。

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    GaN基半导体激光器仿针与参数优化问题

    GaN半导体材料的商业应用研究开始于1970年,其在高频和高温条件下能够激发蓝光的独特性质从一开始就吸引了半导体开发人员的极大兴趣。由于GaN半导体器件在光显示、光存储、激光打印、光照明以及医疗和军事等领域有着广阔的应用前景,GaN器件的广泛应用将预示着光电信息乃至光子信息时代的来临。因此,以GaN为代表的第三代半导体材料被誉为IT产业新的发动机。近几年世界各国政府有关机构、相关企业以及风险投资公司纷纷加大了对GaN基半导体材料及其器件的研发投入和支持。风险投资机构同样表现出很大的兴趣,近三年内向该领域总计投入了约5亿美元的资金。

        GaN基LD是迄今波长最短的半导体激光器,是光存储技术进一步发展的急需器件,是国家“863”计划攻关的重点项目之一。发光波段在400~ 410nm 的GaN 基蓝紫光激光器是高密度光存储系统中最有希望的光源. 1996年, 日本日亚公司的中村(N akam u ra) 宣布实现室温下连续激射的蓝紫光激光器。此后, GaN 基激光器方面的研究取得一系列的重大突破. 目前, 已经有包括日亚、索尼和Cree 在内的多家公司获得了实用的激光器。GaN 基激光器的设计和制造意义十分重大。而GaN基半导体激光器仿针与参数优化问题成为设计GaN基半导体激光器的关键。

        1.半导体激光器仿真的研究现状

        激光器的模拟方法从早期的一维模拟, 求解泊松方程、载流子连续性方程、波方程、光子速率方程, 发展到二维模拟, 加入热流方程、非线性增益抑制、全矢量波方程。半导体激光器的数值模拟开始于20世纪70年代初。直至80年代初, 半导体激光器的数值模拟还是基于一维和准二维模型之上的。在Wilt 等人的准二维模型中, 对方程在有源区和限制层中的两个方向上进行了分离。自80年代中后期开始出现了二维模拟器。至今, 对半导体激光器的完全三维模拟仍未见报道。

        关于半导体激光器的模拟的方法现在人不断见诸报道。概括的讲,常见的数值方法不外乎有限元法,有限差分法,以及它们针对波传输的优化算法,如BPM。然而,文献上所报道的计算方法往往是针对一些具体问题的,通用性受到限制。量子阱激光器作为光通信和光信息处理系统中的重要器件之一, 研究开发量子阱激光器是信息科学领域的一个重要方面, 其计算机辅助分析与设计也是这个领域的重要研究课题。开发一通用, 精确模拟软件为人们所重视。

        加拿大的CrossLight.Inc公司开发的crosslight软件包是一个强大的用于器件仿真的软件。该软件可以对量子阱激光器的物理行为进行全面的仿真,可以计算如阈值电流、载流子分布、温度常分布等特性。国内一些单位也设计了一些专门针对量子阱激光器的软件,如QWCAD。该软件的模拟方法从早期的一维模拟, 求解泊松方程、载流子连续性方程、波方程、光子速率方程, 发展到二维模拟, 加入热流方程、非线性增益抑制、全矢量波方程。QWCAD 目前对于异质结模拟仍然采用这些方程和模型, 但对于量子阱结构, QWCAD 引入薛定谔方程, 并在模拟过程中调用增益计算模块,处理应变所引发的增益变化。为此付出的代价是模拟速度的降低, 但算法的优化和计算机的迅速发展也会逐步缓解这一问题。

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